American Vegetarianism How It Became a Subculture?

How it became a subculture? American vegetarianism has existed for more than 200 years and the American Vegan Society was founded February 1960, in Malaga New Jersey. Throughout recorded history there have been individuals and groups teaching the complete non-use of animal-source food and clothing. The practice of this lifestyle achieved varying degrees of success, and some failures. Veganism was defined and the first Vegan Society formed in 1944 in England. This society was to become the inspiration for others to follow. In the U. S. , Dr. Catherine Nimmo and Rubin Abramowitz formed a Vegan Society in California (1948 to 1960). When H. Jay Dinshah founded the American Vegan Society (1960), it became a dynamic force spreading the vegan message at a propitious time in world history. Highlights of the American Vegan Society's early activities were: a Coast to Coast Crusade across the U. S. and into Canada 1961, North Atlantic Lecture Tour (Iceland, Britain, Europe) 1965, Round the World Lecture Tour 1967 and 1968. The society's magazine was published under the title Ahimsa 1960 to 2000. In 2001 the name was changed to American Vegan and is quarterly. American Vegan Society Annual Conventions have been held in New Jersey and other states, including New York, Colorado, California, Oregon, and Washington. In 1995 American Vegan Society hosted the 8th International Vegan Festival in San Diego California. Local and regional vegetarian societies have shared responsibilities for some of these events. These conventions have provided a valuable forum. Since 1989 videos of convention proceedings have taken the vegan message into living rooms across the USA, and a few years later, around the world. Since 1969 American Vegan Society has held educational programs, including cooking classes, at its Malaga New Jersey headquarters. The present day vegan community in the U. S. involves many individuals and organizations. Besides the American Vegan Society, there are Gentle World, Vegan Outreach, Vegan Action, and vegan. com. A vegan diet is promoted by other organizations such as Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, the National Health Association and Institute for Plant Based Nutrition. Increasingly, animal rights organizations, anti-vivisection societies, and farm animal reform and rescue groups have advocated the compassionate vegan lifestyle. Vegetarian Resource Group has provided an abundance of vegan information since the mid 1980s. Of strategic importance were health studies done on vegans in England, and in the U. S. on vegans within the Seventh Day Adventist Church, and at The Farm, Summertown Tennessee. They proved the adequacy and advantages of the diet that, combined with growth of nutritional knowledge, helped others to avoid potential pitfalls. Very helpful also were the experiences of U. S. followers of Dr. Herbert M. Shelton and others in their rediscovery of ancient truths about human health. A history of veganism would not be complete without commenting on the health food stores (many run by Seventh Day Adventists) that have sustained vegans with foods outside the mainstream through the years. There is also an increasing number of food products now available that have added the convenience factor needed to persuade increasing numbers of people to go vegan.

Islamic Finance & Critical Success Factors Essay

I Would like to take this opportunity to thank all those people who contributed their time and effort and provided their insight in enabling the compilation of this report, it is with much regret that all of their names cannot be mentioned individually here, however special mention needs to be made of certain individuals, without whose input this report would have not been possible. Mr Baratha Devanarayana course coordinator and project supervisor of the Advanced Diploma in Business Management programme at the National Institute of Business Management (NIBM) for the support and advice given in content structuring and format design of the report. Would also like to mention Mrs Zeti Akhtar Aziz, Governor of Bank Negara Malaysia and Mrs Shamshed Akhtar, Governor of the State Bank of Pakistan whose knowledge and valuable insight on the Islamic finance industry as leading professionals in the field have provided the basis on which the compilation of this report has been made possible. Executive Summary Islamic finance is a financial system based on Shariah law or Islamic law which mandates the prohibition of charging or payment of interest encourages risk and profit sharing between all parties to a contract and emphasizes the need of ethical investment which contributes to the greater good of society as a whole. Islamic finance is now one of the fastest growing financial segments in the international financial system today with an estimated annual growth rate of 15 to 20%. Industry assets worldwide are currently estimated to be between $1. 3 trillion and its industry assets and overseas portfolios are estimated to reach 4 trillion in the medium term. Diverse financial products and services, progress in developing regulatory frameworks and enhanced international linkages are driving industry growth. The critical success factors for Islamic finance to foster the growth of the industry, the application of these critical success factors and there potential applicability in the Sri Lankan context will be analysed, a comparison between Islamic finance and the conventional system on some basic indicators for competitiveness, social development and development finance will be made and the Sri Lankan and regional potential of Islamic finance will be analysed as the research undertaking of this study. The progress that has been made on certain aspects of the Islamic financial system both locally and globally, the importance of Sri Lanka fostering the growth of the Islamic finance industry are some of the issues discussed in this study. As a prelude to the research part of this study the recent developments of Islamic finance both globally and locally and the historical development of Islamic finance will be looked at to facilitate an understanding on how the system has evolved from a single institution a few decades ago to a global industry with a global presence spreading from the Middle East to Asia and the West.

Distrigas Corporation Essay

Q1. As per the provided information the Gas Utility companies pays a base commodity charge of $. 3359 plus a peak usage demand of charge that is $4. 63 per Mcf multiplied by the total demand during the maximum take day in the last 12 months which is 240 in this case. The cost per MCF can be derived by the below formula (Commodity Base Charge * Total Demand) + (Peak Usage Demand Charge* High Peak in 1 day* months in year) This will translate into ($ 0. 3359*30,700,000 Mcf)+ ($ 4. 63*240*12) = $ 23,646,530 By substituting the appropriate values in the formula we arrive at a cost of $ 23,646,530. This cost is then divided by the total demand over 12 months of 30. 7 Bcfor 30,700,000 Mcf to arrive at an average cost per Mcf of $ 0. 7702 which is a 125% increase over the base charge $ 0. 3359. Similarly in a scenario where the peak demand is equal to the average demand of 84109. 59 Mcf we arrive at an average cost per Mcf of $ 0. 4881 which is a 45% increase over the base charge of $ 0. 3359. Q2. In order to determine the excess amount of gas that had to be bought from Distrigas we made an assumption that the demand was not normally distributed and in order to normalize it we removed the deviation of 18. 66 from the average of the independent demands over the three months to arrive at a normalized value of 178 (rounded off). The assumption is that the gas Utility companies will buy gas from Distrigas only if the demand goes aboce 178. Following this methodology the gas utility company will need to purchase 1801 MMcf from Distrigas to fulfill the peak demand. Filtering days that had excess demand we arrived at 74 days that required the Utility gas company to purchase gas from distrigas. The first phase of that purchase has to be from December 7th to 25th January and the second phase of the purchase should be from 5th February to 28th of February. The annual cost of the policy is attained by the total excess demand ( 1801 MMcf) multiplied by the cost per MMcf of $ 1660 to arrive at a cost of $ 2,989,660. By taking the average of the two cost per Mcf from question 1 we know that the cost per Mcf for regular gas supply is $ 0. 63. The amount of regular gas supply is derived by reducing the Distrigas excess demand gas supply from the total annual demand. These numbers are then used to arrive at a total cost of $ 25,248,978. 26 which results in a savings of $ 252,140 over using pipeline gas. Q. 3 Utility gains from the competitive price rate offered by Distrigas Corporation of $1. 66 per MCF when compared with the pipeline emergency gas rate of $1. 80 per MCG, which makes Distrigas price rate substantially cheaper than the pipeline gas rates. Utility is charged an excessive penalty for going above their planned gas volume by the gas providers. We can evidence this by simply comparing the prices during the peak demand, which is actually more than the average demand with the peak demand being the average demand. Calculating the Cost of Gas: Cost of Gas = (Base Commodity Charge)*(Total demand) + (12)*(4. 63)*(Peak 1 day demand) (Shown in table 1 Annual Cost Analysis) It should be an easy decision for utility to use Distrigas as its emergency gas provider when daily volume of the gas exceeds 178 MMCF (derived after taking the average of the demands for the three months and then normalized the demand variation by taking the Standard Deviation). With the given demand forecast numbers; utility will end up buying 1801MMCF of gas from Distrigas. We thought that using the concept of location pooling from risk pooling strategy would best suit this case study. We backed on this strategy because the objective of the risk pooling strategy is to redesign the supply chain and to either reduce the uncertainty the firm or to hedge uncertainty so that the firm is in a better position to lessen the consequence of uncertainty. This will convert into cheaper end consumer pricing. Location pooling is best suited for single product as it can be used to decrease the inventory while holding service constant, or increase service while holding inventory cost, or a combination of inventory reduction and service increase. However, the proposal A for Distrigas would cost only $29,376,000, or savings of $252,140. The annual cost of Distrigas policy is $21,172,397. 19. Distrigas strategy should be to maximize on its competitive rate and endeavor itself as a cost leader, promising speed delivery, reliability and meeting the right quantity when needed the most, all at most cost efficient rate possible. To be cost efficient it needs to operate economically such as storing the right amount of gas needed. It has to improve on its storage and deliver the gas in the best cost efficient using the right mode of transportation possible. The biggest threat could be when consumers like Boston Gas decide to build their own storage facilities and therefore start sourcing directly from the pipeline-gas providers, to be stored for usage during peak season. Q4. Proposal A: Slow Build up Strategy – In this proposal infrastructure will be built and machinery and trucks purchased to allow Distrigas to slowly build up inventories at the customer location. This strategy includes building a satellite tank which will serve as a reserve for the gas that is brought in by Alozean. It takes 250 days to build up inventories to satisfy peak demand. This model requires 6 trucks to carry the gas over the 250 day period. Field tanks will need to be built at the customer location in order to hold the gas that will service the peak demand and this will cost $ 25. 1 Million. This is one of the disadvantages of this strategy. The upside is that only 6 trucks are needed to operate on this strategy. Implementation of this strategy requires a total capital investment of $ 29. 376 Million and yields positive cash flows of . 325 (because of annual depreciation charges and tax rate of 50%) which shows that the project at a cost of capital of 9% has a Net Present Cost of $ – 26. 33 Million. Proposal B: Quick Build up Strategy – In this proposal peak demand for the Utility companies will be built by quickly sending gas to the companies based on peak season demand forecasts. This strategy will require 128 trucks to fulfill demand within a 10 day period.

Telemedicine Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Telemedicine Project - Essay Example On the specifications, there are very specific demands that the outfit seeking to go into telemedicine must provide. Examples of these specifications include Once an outfit is ready to provide all of these requirements and meet the criteria spelt above, it can be considered for the practice of telemedicine. Generally, these requirements are in place, given the fact that they help in ensuring that there is the standardization of practice in a manner that protects and guides the interest and needs of patients and the general public (USPMC, 2002). They are also in place to ensure that the execution of telecommunication is done in a manner that can guarantee the safety of service providers (Zur, 2014). Whereas there are requirements and criteria to identify what people and organizations must have in place in order to practice telemedicine in the U.S, there are also laws and regulations that control the practice of telemedicine after all requirements have been met and practice has been set rolling (APA., 2011). Overall, there about 10 areas of legal and regulations areas that are focused on in the U.S. These include Under each of these areas, the Center for Telehealth and E-Health Law, the Federation of State Medical Boards, and the Federal Office for the Advancement of Telehealth ensures that there are separate legal provisions provided to service providers to ensure that they provide service practice that are in line and in accordance with the fundamental legal protection of both patients and the health service. In terms of licensure, the regulation ensures that people have the right license to operate before they do so. All regulations on fraud seek to protect the public against any cases and incidence of fraud. The food and drug administration regulations and also ensures that the provision of any form of medicine is valid and safe. Issues on security also ensure that there is maximum guarantee on the

Alice in Wonderland (2010) Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alice in Wonderland (2010) - Movie Review Example Tangled and highly dynamic plot creates a favorable medium for Tim Burton’s fantasy. ‘Alice in Wonderland’ combines literary traditions of English classics, surrealism, Burton’s fantastic style, and 3D animation. The animators strived to cover a broad target audience – little children, teenagers, youth, having-many-children families. As any high-quality commercial product it should meet requirements of the large audience. Besides, the film is the next lure for Johnny Depp admirers. As in his previous works, Tim Burton’s gothic and mystical style left its mark on the film. ‘Alice in Wonderland’ is built up on the opposition of the worlds of goodness and evil. Deck of cards (Red Queen, Stayne) embody the world of evil and chess – the world of goodness (White Queen, Alice, Mad Hatter, White Rabbit). The same concept of contrast was applied in ‘Corpse Bride’, where the main hero simultaneously lived in two worlds. Positive heroes struggle against cruelty, aggression and injustice of the Red Queen’s court. This is Burton’s extraordinary 3D world, full of contrasts, bright colors and absurdity. Excellent performance of actors completes the picture. For example, Helena Bonham Carter’s performance in the movie is outstanding, because all the scenes where she is present with her funny appearance with a big head and heart shaped lipstick, it seems hard for the spectators to concentrate somewhere else.

A critical review and response to a relevant research paper in Essay

A critical review and response to a relevant research paper in relation to safeguarding. (5000 words) - Essay Example Childcare professional all over the world, have always put the interests of the child first, more so when it comes to ‘physical abuse and risk to life’(Hagan, 2006 pg 24). They are right to be so, since, child safeguarding and protection are more of a right than a necessity. Safeguarding covers the aspects of a child spanning from early life to maturity. Safeguarding focuses on the development, factoring potential risks and vulnerabilities while cultivating an atmosphere ‘focused on children as future citizens’ (Parton, 2011 pg 856 – 857). Child protection is quite essential in its own respect, however, safeguarding outweighs protection since it is curative preventive rather than curative. Cleaver et al., (2009 pg 13) firmly insists that children should be put at the center of the safeguarding process. Parton’s (2011) study purposed to shed light on policy development and debate in England, in relation to child protection and safeguarding. He lays emphasis on the significant change in policy over the years. By having this article published by the British Journal of Social Work, with the authority and command it bears in this field, the article asserts it strength and relevance. It is, however, not enough to vouch for an article based on who, or where it featured; there is the need for further scrutiny and research by all stakeholders. This helps influence practice and even policy. In this essay, therefore, I will critically aim at analysing Parton’s article, giving a summary and a critique thereof. Parton’s main purpose was to reflect in a critical way, the developments in policy, as well as debates in England in matters of child protection and safeguarding (Parton, 2011). By emphasizing on policy changes in a span of 20 years, he aimed at putting the state on the spotlight in matters of its contribution to this change. The researcher neither portrays the state as having failed in matters of policy development, nor does he

HRM-Behavior and Management in Organisations Research Paper

HRM-Behavior and Management in Organisations - Research Paper Example Weber has defined charisma as, ‘a certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which s/he is set apart from ordinary people and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities. These are such as are not accessible to the ordinary person but are regarded as of divine origin or as exemplary, and on the basis of them the individual concerned is treated as a leader’. Weber also explains, ‘resting on devotion to the exceptional sanctity, heroism or exemplary character of an individual person, and of the normative patterns or order revealed or ordained by him’ (Beer, Lawrence, Quinn Mills and Walton, 1985).Leaders irrespective of their styles i.e. charismatic, authoritative or even a transformational requires having a team and followers to be able to lead them. Hence it is clear that a leader only leads the way and helps the others to follow him and meet the goals of the organization. In situ ations where the leaders require having the complete support of the followers, the most effective form of leadership again is the charismatic leadership (House & Shamir 1993). A few of the best examples of charismatic leaders include Adolf Hitler, Winston Churchill, Joseph Smith and also Wener Erhard. The contributions of these leaders have been very high and have impacted their organizations in a number of positive manners. It is clear from the above discussion that the charismatic leaders are very effective irrespective of how big or small the problem is. Also, the impact of the actions of these leaders is very high on the overall business. It is also important to understand that there are a number of similarities between the transformational leaders and the charismatic leaders. One of the major differences is the focus of these leaders.  

Workplace romance Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Workplace romance - Thesis Example Some coworkers may take workplace to be of no interest to them even as others may see their love affair responded to with a high level of defense. Companies and organizations are confused in respect work place romance since they ought to give a free and conducive environment for workers as opposed supposed to creating fear and tension among workers. Another subject of confusion in relation o workplace romance relates to the right organ or department to handle such cases. Some managers feel that such relationships could affect the productivity of the company while others feel that workers are citizens who have rights to socialize in whichever way they like even in the organizational setup. This has seen companies in situations where they have been unable to come with approaches and policies that address office dating. It has become challenging when people from different departments fall in love, for example, the administrator having a love affair with a junior officer in a certain dep artment. Secondly, it has been of less effect when the administrator develops a romantic relationship with his or her secretary, when the same administrator is the one who is in charge of implementing the laid down policies. This paper will discuss different perspectives and opinions of different authors toward work place romance. According to Bytautas, Klenin, Marinescu and Appelbaum (2007), employers have experienced work place relationships for a long time. They indicate that employers are in a position to realize that workers have love relationships with another employee. Bytautas et al. indicate that companies have realized the effects that come with work place relationships. It is has negative effects on production since the respective couples tend to spend their time together thinking of each other instead of concentrating on the delivery of service. Bytautas et al. suggest that work place romance has been a result of an

Macro and micro economics analysis Research Paper

Macro and micro economics analysis - Research Paper Example Toyota Camry is one of the popular cars that are being manufactured by Toyota. The car is available in global market in two classes, such as Narrow-Body; Compact class and Wide-Body; Mid-Size class. The car under these segments has achieved huge fame since its establishment in the year 1982. Indian car industry is very much potential and year after year the demand of cars is increasing significantly. The target audience of Toyota Camry in Indian market is the people who are highly educated and enjoys high living standard. Both men and women over 30 years of age are the key target consumer of this particular product. Indian automotive and car market is highly potential and competitive enough. Maruti Suzuki, Hyundai Motors, Tata Motors, Ford Motors and Mahindra and Mahindra are the major competitors of Toyota in Indian market (Kotler, 2009). Maruti Suzuki is the leading player within the Indian Vehicle industry according to the market share figure 2010 (Figure 1). Microeconomics Market Mechanism: Demand and Supply Considering the market mechanism in India, historical facts help us to understand the Indian market. India started manufacturing automobile after 1947. Before Independence in the times of 1920, the Maharajas possessed cars especially of Rolls Royce as their status symbols. With time after independence, the need for a people’s car evolved and the middle class families also started to own cars. Initially the indigenous automobile companies captured the majority of market share but with the liberalization in government policies, the foreign automobile giants like Toyota started to invest in the Indian market. For launch of Toyota Camry, Toyota can look at the positive indicators of Indian market which indicates that the Indian car market is the fourth largest in the continent of Asia and stands out as the fifth largest manufacturer of commercial vehicles. The price elasticity of demand and supply in the Indian market are the key factors that Toyota would need to consider before the launch of Toyota Camry. It is to be kept in mind that the cars in India are considered as a luxury product. Also the Indian market consists of consumers ranging from lower class to lower middle class to middle class to upper class. Thus various sections of the society according to their levels of income make the Indian car market a mixed bag. Thus the price of cars in Indian car market is a significant factor as market responses largely vary with respect to changes in the car price. With unit changes in price of the cars, the demand of the cars in India would decrease and the supply of cars in India would fall. Thus the price elasticity of demand and supply for cars in India is greater than 1 showing the demand and supply id highly elastic with respect to price of cars in India. Also the rise in price of related goods of car like petrol, diesel also affects the demand and supply of cars in India. Thus the factor of cross-elasticity of indirect goods like petrol is also present in the Indian car market. The income elasticity on demand and supply in the Indian car market also needs to be considered for the launch of Toyota Camry. The factors of production for Toyota Camry with respect to its launch in the Indian market include an analysis of the demand and supply of the car market in India. The Indian car market was de-licensed in 1991 with the gates in automobile sector opened for 100% investment by the foreign

Balanced Scorecard and Ethical Issues Assignment

Balanced Scorecard and Ethical Issues - Assignment Example It has been observed that majority of the firms utilize BSC in order to evaluate the ‘balance’ existing between its compensation plan and the performance measures over a certain period of time which further assists the organization to design effective strategies (Ittner, Larcker, & Meyer, 1997). Performance measurement facilitates managers to evaluate the outcomes of the overall organization as well as employees’ operational activities. Performance measurement also depicts the effectiveness of resources and the possibilities through which the activities and the resources satisfy organizational missions and objectives in a rational manner. Recent researches have often regarded BSC as a management tool which can deliver successful and well-documented outcomes (US Department of Energy, 2013). However, when measuring the attributes considered in the BSC framework, various ethical issues can also be observed to disrupt its validity as well as the reliability of the ove rall evaluation process outcomes. As stated by Bieker & Waxenberger (2002), the BSC approach lacks in considering the wide group of stakeholders including the community members who can also impose significant influences on the organizational performances. Thus, by ignoring the organizational responsibilities and its performances towards the stakeholders, business incorporations may have to witness significant ethical concerns when applying the mechanism of BSC. Unethical Behavior As A Result of Wrong Performance Measures Majority of the companies in today’s contemporary era, evaluate performance indicators in order to improve the overall performance of the organization and directly tie with the compensation system which comprise various aspects such as customer satisfaction, cost of the products and quality of the services offered along with providing job satisfaction among the employees. It is in this context that as the BSC framework focuses on a multidimensional approach t o performance measurement, in majority companies, managers attempt to use this particular framework extensively (Lichiello & Turnock, 2006). With due consideration towards the critical viewpoint obtainable through the application of BSC approach, it can be regarded as an appropriate measurement tool through which Sparkling-Automotive Company (SAC) can tie its the compensation system with performance and thus enhance efficiency in its overall business process. However, SAC should also focus on recognizing the limitations of applying the BSC framework prior to its implementation for the purpose of its performance management. As stated by Butler, Henderson & Raiborn (2011), although the framework inculcates a multidimensional approach towards measuring performances of an organization, incorporation of sustainable issues, such as environmental concerns and stakeholders interests make the evaluation process quite complex. Owing to this particular limitation, managers often have to face o bstructions in detailing appropriate and almost accurate information relating to the performance measures. Furthermore, as explained by Rillo (2004), when measuring the cause-effect relationship between the implemented strategies and obtained outcomes through organizational pe

Analyzing the integral role sentencing plays in the criminal justice Essay

Analyzing the integral role sentencing plays in the criminal justice process and its effects on society - Essay Example The purpose of sentencing is enclosed in a wide array of basic philosophies. Some people believe in the old adage â€Å"you do the crime, you do the time.† Others believe that sentencing the offender will prove society’s attitude on justice. However, the basic principles surrounding the role of sentencing are rehabilitation, deterrence, retribution, and incapacitation. Rehabilitation is a way wherein a convicted person is given another chance to start anew after being assessed and educated. He or she is allowed the possibility of going back to society with hopes that the person can live by the laws and start life all over. All of society believes in rehabilitation as one principle of sentencing. Belief of deterrence is another principle of sentencing. It is believed that society can prevent people from committing crimes more than once if a standard for sentencing different crimes is created. Retribution, on the other hand, is a principle that assumes that convicted indi viduals should be given the warranted punishment because they deliberately committed similar crimes repeatedly. On a personal note, retribution is a way of getting even with the criminal. Lastly, incapacitation is a principle based on the belief that isolating a criminal from society will help bring about reformation. Every particular sentencing is limited by the beliefs and influence of the society regarding the principles behind the sentencing standards. For any sentencing judge, forming a sentencing verdict could be the hardest and most complex duty, since the judge is responsible for Criminal Justice 3 delivering the minimum up to the maximum sentence. In criminal proceedings, defendants who arrive at the sentencing part are those who have not yet escaped or finished the correctional filter. Either the jury or bench trial found them guilty, or they have pleaded guilty of a crime. The court then decides what to do with these offenders. Factors of sentencing that determines the ap propriate sentence for every crime have all undergone careful scrutiny. State level legislatures compile penal codes within the standards set by the legislation of the United States. These legislatures allow the creation of punitive limitations by enacting that all crimes are taken into consideration. Sentencing judges utilize the state laws in creating verdicts for every criminal offense. A sentencing judge has a set of guiding principles within the confines of his or her jurisdiction in handing down sentences on a case-to-case basis. Any sentence delivered by the sentencing judge should be within the standard punishments for the particular crime. Additionally, there is a limiting factor which sets the flexibility of a judge’s sentencing terms. This limiting factor is called determinate. Determinate is the workings of legislation where a standard is set by the body of government regarding bargaining. For instance, capital punishment involves only either life sentence or deat h sentence. The process of sentencing involves three stages, namely legislation, judicial, and administrative phases. Determining the minimum and maximum disciplinary sentences for crimes is done during the legislation stage. Reviewing and providing a final verdict within the set standards of the law are done during the judicial stage. Finally, overseeing the length of time the offender serves time is done during the administrative stage. Criminal Justice 4 In the United

Rates of reaction - concentration Essay Example for Free

Rates of reaction concentration Essay This experiment tests how differing concentrations affect the rate of a chemical reaction. It will be done using a simple experiment where one substance is constant and the other is varying. Apparatus For each experiment I will need the following; 150 cm3 2 Molar hydrochloric acid 140 cm3 water 250 cm3 sodium thiosulphate 1 conical flask 1 measuring cylinder 1 stop clock 5 pieces of paper 1 pen Preliminary Work; Prior to this investigation, I conducted a preliminary experiment to determine the strength of my method in terms of accuracy and precision. I decided to test how the temperature of an experiment affects the rate of reaction. Therefore, I got 50 cm3 sodium thiosulphate and 40cm3 hydrochloric acid diluted with 10cm3 water. After pouring the two mixtures into a conical flask I placed it onto a black cross on a piece of paper and timed the time it took for the precipitate of sulphur produced to make the solution seem so cloudy the cross disappeared. The same experiment was conducted at temperature of 10Â °C, 20Â °C, 30Â °C, 40Â °C and 50Â °C. The two substances that I have chosen for preliminary work will give me an accurate indication of the time taken for the reaction to occur in the actual investigation, as unlike with most experiments, the chemicals produce the precipitate of sulphur which turns the solution a milky yellow colour which is easy to see clearly. From my previous work, I can see that the range of temperatures was enough to give a clear summary of the investigation; therefore, I am transferring the range of temperature to use as amounts of hydrochloric acid as I feel it gives reliable results. Method After retrieving all the apparatus that is needed to successfully complete the experiment, I will begin with drawing a large cross onto the piece of paper. Then I will measure out five different quantities of both water and hydrochloric acid using a measuring cylinder in the following Display complete essay The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behaviour section.

Examining Brazing And Soldering Engineering Essay

Examining Brazing And Soldering Engineering Essay Brazing and soldering was the joining process, it similar like are welding process. The result in the name of the joining are being interchanged and confused. The welding society like an American society was selected the arbitrary temperature, example 800  °F as a line derarkation between two processes. Brazing is joining process that similar soldering except that the joining takes place at temperatures above 800  °F. Definition brazing is a metal joining process by using a filler metal is heated above and distributed between two or more close fitting parts by capillary action. The filler metal is brought slightly together, it melting temperature while to protected and by a suitable atmosphere with usually a flux. It then flows over the base metal and is then cooled to join the workpieces together. It was similar to soldering, except the temperatures using to melt the filler metal is above 842  °F. The filler metals are distributed between closely fitted surfaces of the joint by capillary attraction. Brazing is call really braze-welding, wherein, a nonferrous filler metal is applied. Brazing alloys was much stronger than solder alloys. The brazed joint not requires as much depth to achieve the strength as the soldered joint. To achieve the strength, filler metal must be alloy wi th the base metal. The filler metal must combine with the base metal properly. The brazing condition was very good if the combination very properly. They are eight basic steps in making capillary metallurgical joints like step 1 is Cutting and sizing the parts to be joined, step is Cleaning, step 3 is Fluxing, step 4 is Assembling and supporting or jigging. For step 5 is heating, step 6 was applying filler metal, step 7 is cooling and last step was Post-cleaning. Several of brazing process must to added operations for cooling and post-cleaning. These steps may require for more operations in order to prevent further action by using the flux. The basic procedures must follow and the correct filler alloys are used, to having a successful joining. The joining design must be suitable capillary for the molten filler when the joint elements are properly aligned. The flow of filler must need to enable and assure coverage. Filler metal must melt at a lower temperature at the base material of allow the flow, substrate wetting, and interdiffusion. This means that some component of the filler metal must be soluble in the substrate solvent .To allow the brazing, heat can apply at the joint or to the entire assembly to be brazed. In this case, a temperature must be reached at the joint to allow the filler metal to melt, wet, and flow. Temperature must at least in the joint to prevent uneven or incomplete filling. Protective shielding is required during brazing process to prevent oxidation of cleaned joint on the surfaces during heating and until completed the braze flow. This can be accomplished with another a chemical flux or an inert atmosphere. Sometimes the flux or atmosphere can be required to clean and chemically can be active the surface at the brazed. To have a high quality brazed joint, the base metals and part must be closed, exceptionally clean and free from the oxides. In these cases, the joint clearances must be from 0.03 to 0.08mm because that clearance was the best capillary action and joint strength. However, some brazing process is not uncommon to have joint clearances around 0.6  mm. The brazing surfaces are very importance, as any contamination also can cause poor wetting. They have two main methods to cleaning parts, prior to brazing are chemical cleaning and mechanical cleaning. Mechanical cleaning is very importance to maintain at surface to force the wetting on a rough surface occurs more readily than on a smooth surface on the same geometry. Effect of temperature and time on the quality of brazed joints cannot be over looked. Temperature of the braze alloy can be increased because the alloying and wetting action of the filler metal increases very well. The brazing temperature must select above the melting point of the filler metal. However, there factors that influence the joint designers temperature selection. Must choice the best temperature as to be the lowest possible braze temperature, minimize any heat effects on the assembly, keep filler metal or base metal interactions to a minimum, and must maximize the life of any fixtures or jigs used. Some of cases, may can allow selected a higher temperature for other factors in the design. The effect on the brazed joint primarily affects the extent to which the aforementioned effects are present; however, in general most production processes are selected to minimize brazing time and costs. The most important is the non-production settings; time and cost are secondary to oth er joint attributes for example like strength and an appearance. Brazing process not contained within an inert atmosphere environment, fluxes are required to prevent oxides from forming from the metal in heated. The flux can clean any contamination on the brazing surfaces. Flux can be apply in any number of forms including flux paste, liquid, and powder or pre-made brazing pastes that combine flux with filler metal powder. The flux can also been like brazing rods with a coating of flux, or another name call flux core. In this case, the flux flows into the joint when the process to heat the joint and displaced by the molten filler metal to entering the joining. Excess flux must be removed when the cycle is completed because flux left at the joint can lead to became corrosion and prevent further surface finishing of brazing process. When the joining copper to copper can contain the brazing alloy can be self-fluxing. Generally, the flux can select base on their performance on particular base metals. The flux must be chemically compatible with the bas e metal and the filler metal brazing process. Self-fluxing phosphorus filler alloys can produce brittle phosphides if the material was iron or nickel. As a rule, a type cycles brazing should use less active fluxes for short brazing process. The materials for alloys are used as filler metals for brazing depend on application method. Braze alloys made up of 3 or more metals to form an alloy with the considered necessary properties. The filler metal can be chosen on its ability to: wet the base metals, melt at a lower temperature than the base metals or at a very specific temperature and withstand the service conditions required. Braze alloy been use in form as rod, ribbon, powder, paste, cream and wire. Depending on the application, the filler material can be pre-placed at the desired location or applied during the heating cycle. Wire and rod forms are generally used as they are the easiest to apply while heating in manual brazing process. In the case of furnace brazing, using material alloy can placed beforehand since the process is usually highly automated. The have many types of filler metals used are aluminium silicon, copper, copper phosphorus, brass, gold-silver, nickel alloy and silver.The high temperatures, oxidat ion of metal surfaces occurs in oxygen containing atmosphere from the brazing process. They may use other environment than air. The commonly used from the atmosphere like air, noble gas, and vacuum and combusted fuel gas. For combusted gas is nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and oxygen. Torch brazing is used because the most common method of mechanized brazing. They are three types of torch brazing in use for example like manual, machine and automatic torch brazing. Manual torch brazing is a procedure want the heat is using a gas flame on the joint b. The torch can be on hand held or held in a fixed position depending on if the process is completely manual or has some level of automation. Machine torch brazing was use a repetitive braze process is being carried out. This method is a mix from automated and manual process with an operator often placing brazes material, flux and jigging parts on the machine mechanism carries out the actual brazing. The advantage by using machine torch brazing method is that it reduces the high labour and skill requirement was better that manual brazing. Automatic torch brazing is a method use the eliminates in brazing operation, except for loading and unloading of the machine. The advantages by using this method is had a high productio n rate, reduced operating cost and uniform braze quality. In this process, they have advantages and disadvantage. For advantages, brazing process was not melting the base metal of the joining, the brazing allows much tighter control over tolerances and produces a clean joint. Dissimilar metals and non-metals can be brazed. In general, brazing also produces less thermal distortion with another welding process. The process is complex and multi-part assemblies can be brazed cost-effectively. The brazing can be coated for protective purposes and easily to adapt on mass production. For disadvantages on the brazing process is the lack of joint strength as compared with another welding process was the softer filler metals is using. The strength of the joint is less that of the base metal but is greater than the filler metal. The brazing joints easily damaged on high temperatures. SOLDERING Soldering is definite a process combine two or more metal items are joint into one by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joining. The filler metal had a relatively low melting point. The soldering was soft characterized by the melting point of the filler rod and the temperatures are 752  Ã‚ °F. They call solder in this process and by using the filler metal. Soldering was distinguished from brazing by use of a lower melting-temperature filler metal, it similar with the brazing. In a soldering process, they heat is on the parts of the joint, it causing the solder to melt and drawn into the joint. After the metal on cools, the resulting joints can see that not as strong as the base metal, but have adequate strength, water-tightness and electrical conductivity are good. The metallurgy of solders is presented some detail for the representative and predominant tin-lead system to overviews for important but less often used systems. The physical on solders are then described. The critical role of fluxes, their compositions and their physical forms are then described. Soldering can apply for assembling electronic components to printed circuit boards (PCBs). Another application is to joints the sheet metal objects for example food cans, roof flashing, rain gutters and automobile radiators. Jewellery are assembled and repaired by applying soldering process. Small mechanical parts are often soldered as well. Soldering can join lead came, copper foil in stained glass work and semi-permanent patch for a leak in a container or cooking vessel. Soldering can consider that the temperatures was so low, a soldered joint was limited service at elevated temperatures. Generally, the strength was should not be used for load-bearing members. For examples soldering applications include tin-lead, tin-zinc for joining aluminium, lead-silver for strength at higher than room temperature, cadmium-silver for strength in high temperatures, zinc-aluminium for aluminium and corrosion resistance, and tin-silver and tin-bismuth for electronics. The capacity material in soldering filler was many different alloys for differing applications. In electronics assembly, it was using the eutectic alloy of 63% tin and 37% lead. Other alloys are used for plumbing, mechanical assembly, and other applications. A eutectic formulation had advantages for soldering, the coincidence of the liquidus and solidus temperature. For quicker wetting as the solder heats up and quicker as call the solder cools. Additionally, the eutectic formulation had the lowest possible melting point, can minimize heat stress on electronic components during soldering. The solder was used in a soldered joint is selected to provide good wetting, spreading or flow, and joint penetration in the actual soldering operation and the desired joint properties in the finished product. A flux is intended to enhance the wetting of the base metal by the solder from precleaned surfaces and preventing the reformation of oxide or tarnish during the soldering operation. The select ion was depends on the ease with which a material can be soldering. Chemically was not aggressive or mild fluxes are used with solderable base metals. When chemically aggressive inorganic fluxes are usually used on metals are so difficult to wet, like stainless steels because of their Cr content. Chemically was reducing the gaseous atmospheres can be used to clean and subsequently protect precleaned joint elements in an assembly to be soldered. The joints that are enable to soldered should be designed and to permit application of flux. Joining should be designed properly to clearance is maintained between joint elements during the heating and cooling stages of the soldering operation. To maintain the alignment of joint components during the process, special fixtures may be necessary or the units of the assembly can be crimped, clinched, otherwise held together mechanically or by holding adhesives. The surface was an unclean will prevent the molten solder from wetting and spreading, making soldering difficult or impossible and contributing to poor joint properties. Flux can consider should not substitute for precleaning. Precleaning may remove the organic contaminants like grease, oil, paint, pencil marks, lubricants, coolants, and dirt, as well as inorganic films like oxides and other tarnish layers. Precleaning can involve any or all of the following three progressively vigorous methods for example like degreasing, pickling and mechanical cleaning. Precleaning can also be followed by a fourth step, precoating. All cleaning solutions can be thoroughly and remove before the soldering in progress. Precoating should be for metals that are difficult to solder because oxidize readily and, thus, can re-oxidize after precleaning if soldering is delayed too long. Precoating involves coating the base metal surfaces to be soldered with a more solderable and more oxidation-resistant metal or alloy before the soldering operation. Soldering can be performed with hand tools, one joint at a time on a production line. Hand soldering or manual soldering is typically performed with a soldering iron, soldering gun, or a torch, or occasionally a hot-air pencil. In Sheet metal work was use traditionally with soldering coppers directly heated by a flame, with sufficient stored heat in the mass of the soldering copper to complete a joint; torches or electrically-heated soldering irons are more convenient. All soldered joining required with the same elements of cleaning of the metal parts to be joined, fitting up the joint, heating the parts, applying flux, applying the filler, removing heat and holding the assembly still until the filler metal has completely solidified. It depending on the nature of flux material, the joints may be required after they have cooled. Distinction between soldering and brazing is arbitrary, based on the melting temperature of the filler material. Generally cannot achieve high enough temperat ures for brazing. Practically speaking there is a significant difference between the two processes, for example the brazing fillers have far more structural strength than solders, and are formulated for this as opposed to maximum electrical conductivity. Brazed connections are often as strong or nearly as strong as the parts they connect. Hard soldering or silver soldering was been performed with high-temperature solder containing up and it also often a form of brazing, since it involves filler materials with melting points in the vicinity. In silver soldering process was given a beautiful, structurally sound joint, especially in the field of jewellery. The power source of heat in induction soldering is heating by high-frequency AC current only. Some of metals are easier to solder than others like copper, silver, and gold. The more difficult material like iron and nickel because of their thin, strong oxide films, stainless steel and aluminium are even little more difficult. Titanium, magnesium, cast irons, steels, ceramics, and graphite can soldering but it involves a process similar to joining carbides. They are first plated with a suitable metallic element that induces interfacial bonding. Hand soldering tools include the electric soldering iron, the variety of tips available ranging from blunt to very fine to chisel heads for hot-cutting plastics, and the soldering gun, which typically provides more power, giving faster heat-up and allowing larger parts to be soldered. Soldering torches are a type of soldering device that uses a flame rather than a soldering iron tip to heat solder. Soldering torches are often powered by butane and are available in sizes ranging from very small butane/oxygen units suitable for very high-temperature jewellery work, to full-size oxy-fuel torches suitable for much larger work as copper piping. Common multipurpose propane torches, the kind used for heat-stripping paint and thawing pipes, can be used for soldering pipes and other fairly large objects either with or without a soldering tip attachment; pipes are soldered with a torch by directly applying the open flame. The soldering copper is a tool with a large copper head and a long handl e that can heated in a blacksmiths forge fire and apply heat to sheet metal for soldering. Typical soldering coppers had heads weighing between one and four pounds. The head provides a thermal mass, can store enough heat for soldering large areas between re-heating the copper in the fire. The larger the head, the longer the working time it affords. Conclusion The Soldering was similar like brazing, enables solid materials to be joined by using molten filler to flow into and fill the space between properly joint faying surfaces and then to solidify without required and causing melting of the base material. The liquidus of the filler in soldering is below the solidus of the base materials and below 4508C (8408F), by convention. Wetting and spreading of the filler by capillary action are then critical to proper distribution of the solder. The strength arises from a combination of metallic or other primary bonding. The principal reasons for soldering are to provide electrical connectivity and conductivity or leaktightness or hermeticity, as opposed to providing mechanical strength. They have similar and difference soldering with brazing. The brazing was similar like one of type of welding process by using gases. The soldering not using gases, just using electrical or manual like pre heat the flux.

Sustainable Tourism Development Of Brisbane Australia Tourism Essay

Sustainable Tourism Development Of Brisbane Australia Tourism Essay The sustainable development of tourism has become a global major task which aims at achieving the objectives of biological preservation, prevention of climate change, and natural resources conservation to ensure the long-term prosperity (Narasaiah 2004). In order to obtain the positive outcomes, its necessary to concentrate on the impacts and implications of a destinations environmental, economic and social areas (Sofield 2003). Brisbane is the capital city of the Australian state Queensland with an approximate 200 million population and its a green and diverse city with a splendid climate. It also has become one of the fastest growing economic cities and the major business hubs in Australia. Brisbanes outstanding economic performance mainly relies on its tourism-related industries (ABS 2010). A number of 5.8 million arrivals to Australia during the year ended October 2010 has increased 5% when is compared to the same period of last year. Besides, an expectation of 20 million international arrivals will be received by the year 2020. The tourism industry has played an important role in Brisbanes economy whereby it becomes the third-most popular destination after Sydney and Melbourne (TA 2010). Therefore, the sustainable tourism development is an ideal execution which is balancing the social, economic and environmental areas to ensure long-term sustainability in both mass and special interest segment of a destinations tourism industry (Black and Crabtree 2007). Sustainability of Brisbanes tourism Natural resources Being the heart of Queensland, Brisbane has the wealthy energy and water resources so that it can be able to contribute to the development and execution of sustainable energy and climate change policies to maintain adequate energy supplies for the tourism-related industries (Australian Government 2010). The beaches, mountains, rivers and bays of the city have made it a destination with lively nature. Its also rich in heritage which can simply reveal by the architecture and art of the city. However, Brisbane is now facing the problems of greenhouse gas, peak oil and climate change. It is now taking measures to enhance the energy security and manage the natural resources (BCC 2010). Hence, Australias abundant natural resources have been the key accelerator of its economic prosperity and international competitiveness. This is the reason that the sustainability is a crucial issue for both business and government in such a country with unique natural environment. Developmental strategy The Australian Tourism Board released the National long-term tourism strategy which practised the long-term policy to position the tourism industry as economically vibrant and sustainable industry in order to further its sustainable development (Australian Government 2010). The tourism industry of Australia will double over the next ten years due to the substantial growth in both nature-based tourism and ecotourism. The ecotourism is a nature-based tourism which is involving the education and explication of the natural environment so that it can be conducted to be ecologically sustainable. Its able to help Brisbanes cultural components and the ecological sustainability of natural environment to obtain opportune gaining to the local community and long-term conservation of the resources (Fennell 2003). Australia is well-known for its ecotourism after it has made the great achievements in the developments between various stakeholders which are including government, industry and community groups (TQ 2002). Brisbane is increasing the reverse and connectivity of bush land to provide extra protection of natural areas; it can also improve the carbon pollution and the climate changes (BCC 2010). Furthermore, Australia has set up the sustainable population strategy to make sure that it can reply to the variations in its population to develop a sustainable Australia. The strategy is aim at improving the present and future generations with more suitable recognitions and managements to the influence of population changes (AG 2010). It also can direct the development of principles to meet the population needs of Australias future. All of those strategies which have been mentioned above will become the strong means to ameliorate the sustainable tourism development of Brisbane. The issues of sustainable tourism development Social impacts The growing complexity of communities and the relationships between them pose significant challenges for the sustainable development of tourism (Hall and Richards 2000). For example, the Brisbane City Council has worked with the social development industry to improve the living and working environment more sustainable. It also provided the grant to encourage the sustainable tourism development in the community such as roads, buildings, green spaces, and tourist attractions of the city (BCC 2010). One of the most obvious reasons is that the growing number of population and tourists will inevitably influence the quality of local residents lives (Faulkner 2003). Brisbane is deeply concerning on the sustainable development since a growing number of domestic and foreign people like to buy their second and retired homes to spend their lives here after discovered through tourism. This may also help to conserve its heritage, culture and classical architecture in order to maintain the charms to the international market because the tourism will influence the culture and nature environment (Horner and Swarbrooke 2004). The productivity of labour plays an important role in affecting the sustainable tourism. Brisbane has developed a Multicultural Employment Infrastructure Program to assist the skilled people from high unemployment migrant into appropriate occupation of tourism industry such as hotels, restaurants, attractions, etc. and thus creating more sustainable employment outcomes for the local society (TA 2010). The sustainable development with the good encouragement can help to provide large training opportunities and great employment for the residents. The positive labour productivity growth of Australia tourism was contributed mostly by the accommodation and transport services industries from 2003 to 2009 which has been indicated in Figure 1. There is an issue that Brisbane is making efforts to dispose the gender discriminations in the tourism industry because of only 36% of female managers. The other major jobs are diminutive such as housekeeping, kitchen work, waitress, etc. and thus Brisbane is trying to improve this situation and providing better chances or conditions for the women in the tourism industry (Helium 2010). Another social issue is that the Aboriginal culture has become a tourism product due to a growing area of tourism interest after it was exposed by Australia to the international tourism market. It has enhanced the economy and improved the quality of life for the Aboriginal people. The Aboriginal culture also helps to differentiate Australia as a distinctive destination from its global competitors of the marketplace (Butler and Hinch 2007). However, the tourism will have the negative impacts on society in term of the activities of local community. The reason is that the tourism development may result in the loss of its cultural identity by playing up to the perceived demands of the tourists, especially the international markets. For example, some historical buildings in Brisbane are now facing demolition or reconstruction due to the new construction plans of city council. The community is under a debate of the purpose of these buildings and the value of attractions in the future because some local committees are trying to protect these heritage properties (Moore 2010). Hence, the local society has to always focus on not to meet the anticipated touristy ideals in order to ensure it can conserve its own culture or heritage in a right direction. Figure 1 Average annual labour productivity growth in tourism industries (%) Source: TRA 2010. Environmental impacts A destination will strengthen its policies on protecting the environment due to the rapid growth of tourism industry. However, the environmental impacts can also bring the negative outcomes to the nature-based tourism (Jafari 2000). Brisbane is now facing the worst flash floods coming from the Toowoomba city. The floods entered Brisbane with the floods level of 4.5 metres which is expected higher than 1974s peak. A large number of shops in the central business district have closed because of the floods. More than 10,000 properties and 200,000 people have been influenced in the New Year floods. Many residents and visitors are forced to evacuate out of the disaster areas. The Queensland Tourism Board mentioned that flooding and heavy rains had hit the tourism industry badly with lots of roads, rail links and airports were blocked (ABC 2011). The destination will also take actions to minimising the negative environmental impacts for the sustainable tourism development (Jafari 2000). Nowadays the Australian tourism is tending to the low carbon travel because of the carbon pollution of the country. Both locals and tourists are encouraged to experience the low-carbon vacation and lifestyle so that a lot of tour packages have been provided on village or vineyard journeys (TA 2010). Hence, Brisbane pro-actively works on sustainability positivity will be better positioned than its competitors to survive as the travellers grow more environmentally conscious in selecting their destinations. The environmental auditing is required by legislation as a self-regulative implementation which can be valuable controlling tool in order to achieve the sustainable tourism development (Jafari 2000). Being one of the largest cities of Australia, Brisbane has invested in dealing with the greenhouse gas emissions, climate changes, and use of fossil fuels. The reason is that Australia is one of the most carbon-emitting countries and thus Brisbane is taking actions to improve the environment which is affected by its growing tourism industry. It has identified that the public transports and rail freights are the key factors to handle the reduction of carbon emission; nevertheless the Australian tourism is so dependant upon its international and domestic aviation links due to its unique geography. Therefore the airline industry of Australia increased the fuel prices when the tourism was affected directly (TTF 2008). The environmental influence of tourism has also motivated the destinations to concentrate responsibly in enhancing the quality of their environments and lives (Elliott and Thomas 2009). Australia is challenged to solve the variety of environmental issues since the global community is focusing on the green tourism. Brisbane has developed the Climate Adaptation project which is aiming to set up the climate changes strategies and policies of climate adaptation to help the tourism and increase the local livelihoods through the sustainable tourism (TA 2010). This can help the city to recognise the risks of future climate change in sustainable tourism and ensure that the strategies are flexible to face the challenges within a right direction. Economic impacts Sustainable tourism is acting an important role in economic aspect of the community and global levels by minimising the negative impacts to ensure sustainable use, as well as providing sufficient tourism revenue to reinvest an affirmative segment of investments (UN 2001). The Australian tourism is acknowledged by its regional communities as a significant economic driver due to its strong competency to provide a large number of jobs and income. The total expenditure from the tourists has increased by 5% to about AU $59 billion since 2008. The state of Queensland was the highest area where the visitors spent the most to its regional tourism. Besides, Australia has created a Tourism Impact Model for local councils to operate the economic impacts of tourism and therefore it can efficiently generate the income of tourism to improve the industry (TAV 2008). The sustainable tourism development is always measuring the economic activities so that it can obtain and focus the future impacts to the industries. This has become a cardio tonic for Australian economic growth. The tourism industry has the capacity to bring grant benefits when it also has to utilise the costs on host communities. The benefits and costs of tourism are contributed equally. Instead of concentrating great efforts on advertising tourism or on measuring all of the benefits and costs, the regional development may become an effective tool to achieve larger return from the efforts that the communities are able to increase the tourisms net revenue (Moscardo 2008). Australia is applied itself to increase the tourisms net economic contribution to its economy and to foster an industry which is promoting the regulations of economic responsibility and sustainable tourism development. For instant, the state of Brisbane, Queensland has provided a Smart State program with $120 million to develop a state where knowledge and innovation drive economic growth to solve the challenges of the technology industry and improve the quality of tourism (TA 2010). Therefore, the positive economic influenc e of tourism will rely on the way it managed and planned. The tourism has to always concern on the economic areas when it is planning for the sustainable tourism because the economic issues is not only provide positive achievements but also affects the tourism negatively (Sofield 2003). The Australian dollar strengthens currently to make lots of overseas travellers who are forced to tighten their purse strings. The impact of the stronger Australia dollar will make it to become a more expensive destination for the overseas visitors. Some hotels were affected by this issue as the business of international customers dropped five percent when compared with the previous months. This also meant that the overseas travellers would spend less time in Australia. Furthermore, the impact of the flash floods in Brisbane has also caused about AU $6 billion in damage which is including the budget of reconstruction and the raise of food prices. This may affect the local business which provides the products and services to both residents and tourists, especially in hotels and restaurants. They will hardly cut down the costs to attract the domestic and international tourism (PMN 2011). Both the stronger dollar and floods impacts of tourism industry will shorten Australias economic gr owth in 2011. Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility is the persistent guarantee by business which contributes to the economic development through improving the quality of the local communities and the life of labour force. It is an effort of the companies to develop significant relationships between the corporate division and the remaining of the society (TA 2010). The Australian airline Qantas Airways Limited have announced a new three-year partnership with the tourism board to promote and strengthen Australia as a desired tourist destination through marketing campaigns, business and trade events. It will have an effective outcome due to Qantas as one of the strongest brands in Australia and being known as the worlds top long distance airline. The company has a significant strategy which is encouraging its employees to participate the Australia sustainable tourism programs to ensure that they will bring the social responsibility into their work. The programs are including the education about the link between climate changes and sustainability in business and the conservation of Australias land care. The company will awards its staffs after they have showed the proactive leadership to carry out the environmental schemes throughout the business (Qantas Airways 2010). The Qantas airline is committed to the sustainable growth of Australia in order to promote and enhance its distinctive destinations and environment. The airline spends almost AU $3 billion on the jet fuel and emits large amount of carbon and exhaust gas. Qantas has taken steps to reduce the carbon emission by signing contract with a US fuel producer Solena. They considered building a trial plant to convert waste into bio-fuel. The source of the bio-fuel includes food packaging, scraps and tree cuttings. Besides, Qantas is trying to improve its water efficiency in all aspects of its operations by investigating procedures to reduce consumption of potable water, such as use of the grey-water and aircraft wash-water recycling. The organisations target is to reduce 25% of water consumption by 2011 to foster sustainable tourism (Brisbane Times 2010). The airline will conclude a feasibility study for the waste-based of aviation fuel within one year and thus the bio-fuel will be trialled on aircrafts. The bio-fuel and the water conservation will be the key components of its environmental strategy of sustainable tourism. Moreover, Qantas has launched an annual award for those who perform excellent in Australia sustainable tourism since 2008 (Qantas Airways 2010). This award can motivate the local communities to improve the business environment of the society and thus it can help to promote the country to become one of the top sustainable tourism destinations. Australia announced that the grants of tourism development program had been provided to support the sustainable growth in the tourism industry by developing creative products and services, contributing to long-term economic development, and creating high quality visitor experiences and services. Brisbane has supported a project Brisbane Ambassadors for Life: Sustainable tourism development which is proposed by the local hospitality organisations. Its an innovative program designed to create sustainable economic value by attracting overseas students, leisure, and convention visitors to the greater Brisbane region. Some of them will become ambassadors for Brisbane in other countries, with Brisbanes sister city relationships to generate increased visitation and length of stay in Brisbane (TA 2010). Conclusion The sustainable development of Brisbanes tourism is in a steady process which is influencing to its social, economic and environmental areas because sustainable tourism is significant to Australias cultural and natural wealth. The government has provided a lot of sustainable practices to support the development of tourism and encourage both domestic and international tourists to explore the treasures of Australian tourism. This will also motivate the corporations and stakeholders to resolve the challenges and collaborate to improve the tourism industry so that it can provide the social and economic gains to the destination and survive in such a high extent of the global competition. Today, the Australian tourism is rapid growing industry which has significantly contributed to the country. It has affected the lives of communities and developed variety of sustainable programs for its tourism development. However, Brisbane is currently facing a series of problems which are including the damages of the flash floods, the raise of food prices and the carbon pollution. Especially the floods, it will cost Brisbane a large amount of funds to reconstruct the disaster areas. These critical issues will be the difficult tasks for Brisbane to settle in its sustainable development. Therefore, the measures of sustainable development will be focusing on the current consumptions of the industry in order to satisfy the needs of the future generations. Moreover, it may guide the policies as well as implementations to be a powerful tool towards the sustainable tourism of Brisbane.

Positive Outcomes of the French Revolution Essay -- History, Politics

A common theme of the historical French Revolution of the 1790s is the bloodshed associated with a new execution device, the guillotine. This negative connotation of the Revolution resides in the minds of the French and foreigners alike. However, although the French Revolution has contained a fair amount of bloodshed, its aftermath on the French has been overall positive. To begin, there were several contributing factors to the Revolution. Even though theorists have divergent opinions on the factors that started the rebellion, there are three widely accepted causes: financial status of the country, rapid overpopulation, and the relative unfairness of the French political system (â€Å"French Revolution,† Columbia). The French government was in great debt because it had assisted America in the American Revolution in the 1770s. Moreover, the underclass, made mostly of peasants and manual workers, worked increasing longer hours for less food. In addition, due to France’s bankruptcy, taxes increased, but some upper class citizens and institutions were exempt (Kreis). An increasing lack of food was primarily responsible due to an overpopulation of rural communities in the 1700s – over 80 percent of the twenty plus million French were concentrated in the rural areas (â€Å"Social Causes†). Furthermore, there was a series of rela tive droughts in the late 1700s, and one of the biggest occurred in 1788, just a year before the beginning of the Revolution (â€Å"French Revolution,† Encyclopaedia Britannica 1). Inversely, members of the upper class Bourgeoisie, composed of the nation’s small minority of noblemen, clergy, merchants, and professionals, found increases to their wealth due to an overall economic growth in the 18th century. Because of these tr... ...ol Edition. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 2011. Web. 27 Oct. 2011. Like the previous entry, this article explains the rising of the revolution and its events, but with more emphasis on the causes of the revolution. Kreis, Steven. "Lecture 11: The Origins of the French Revolution." The History Guide. Steven Kreis, 30 Oct. 2006. Web. 30 Oct. 2011. Steven Kreis created The History Guide for high school and undergraduate students; this particular article focuses on the social factors that sparked the revolution. "Social Causes of the Revolution." Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution. Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, 16 July 2001. Web. 29 Oct. 2011. This entry focuses on the negative social causes of the revolution, but with more depth and emphasis on the lower class in France late 1700s.

The Allocating of a ‘Named Person for Every Child in Scotland Essay

Introduction Throughout my seminar paper I will focus on the issues surrounding the governments plan to assign every child in Scotland a ‘named person'. This is one point in the Children and Young Peoples (Scotland) Bill, that parliament recently debated and passed on the 19th of February this year. The government believes the bill will promote their "ambition for Scotland to be the best place to grow up in by putting children and young people at the heart of planning and services and ensuring their rights are respected across the public sector" (Scottish Executive, 2013). To gain insight into the approach in which the ‘named person' has stemmed from I will look at the ‘Getting it right for every child' (GIRFEC) approach. I also intend to look at the purpose and role of the ‘named person' in depth as some organisations lack of clarity of the role is leading to concerns. I intend to discuss the arguments for and against the ‘named person' and the challenges this may put on integration. Throughout the paper I will discuss the government's need for every child and young person under the age of 18 to have a ‘named person' and relate it to a European policy known as ‘social pedagogy', which outlines a unique way of working with children and the foundation for policy development. GIRFEC approach The Scottish government wants all children and young people to be completely supported as they mature and develop, they believe children should be kept safe, be healthy, be given the support to achieve, be nurtured, have the opportunity to be active, be respected, be responsible, and be included. In order for practitioners to support them with these the Scottish government applied the ‘GIRFEC' national practice model in 2008, as a method... ...s state guardian trial singled out thousands of kids. Retrieved February 22, 2014, from http://www.christian.org.uk/news/scots-state-guardian-trial-singled-out-thousands-of-kids/ The Scotsman. (2013). Children’s Future. Retrieved May 2, 2014, from http://www.scotsman.com/news/opinion/letters/children-s-future-1-2924308 The Telegraph. (2013). Lawyers warn against 'Big Brother' plans to give every Scottish child a state guardian. Retrieved February 27, 2014, from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/scotland/10214975/Lawyers-warn-against-Big-Brother-plans-to-give-every-Scottish-child-a-state-guardian.html The Telegraph. (2014). Scottish ministers threatened with legal action over 'state guardian' plans. Retrieved February 23, 2014, from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/10650090/Scottish-ministers-threatened-with-legal-action-over-state-guardian-plans.html

Six Dimensions of Health

Associate Level Material Six Dimensions of Health Worksheet Part 1 For each of the following six dimensions of health, list at least one characteristic, activity, belief, or attitude that reflects that dimension in your life. Provide a brief explanation with each example. Refer to Ch. 1 in the text for explanations of these dimensions. Physical health: When I am eating right exercising and getting enough rest I am less prone to illness, stress and exhaustion. When I have done these things in my life I find that I function on a daily basis a lot better.With exercise and a healthy diet you release happy endorphins which minimize stress and allow me to focus and complete task effectively. Social health: Social health reminds me of what we learned about social and academic writing, I have found they have a lot of similarities. The ones that I have noticed is that you need to be able to maintain a certain level of professionalism when interacting with certain people. , work staff and clie nts. There are certain conversations and behaviors that are not acceptable with everyone.My personal relationships with my friends and family allow me to vent about the work place or to seek personal advice that I could not get ask for in my work environment. Intellectual health: it allows me to review what has happened in the past and make a reasonable assumption of what will happen in the future. For instance, I have found that when I hire people that are in the business for 20 years they are not interested in following most likely not to follow the structure of the company; as if you hire a new person fresh they do not have any other experience.So there for I like to hire new people out of school because they can be molded to the SportClips way. Environmental health: Keeping a clean environment and not doing things that are detrimental to the environment. I do my part by doing things such as not using harsh chemicals in my daily life and recycling. Maintaining a health work envir onment for the people in interact with on a daily basis. Emotional health: To me this refers to my job and my daily life, at times I am extremely overwhelmed and I have to remember not to displace my frustrations or emotions in the wrong place.A lot of times when I get overwhelmed I get very irritable and and become discourages depending on the situation. Spiritual health: I think this is a combination of things that are backed by your faith system and religious beliefs. I was raised in a christian household and I think that these things have taught me to follow a certain value system. Your faith system should teach you to be a better person and live by a certain moral code on how you treat yourself and others. Part 2 In approximately 125 to 200 words, describe health and wellness in your own words using the ideas and concepts for each of the six dimensions of health.In my opinion health and wellness means to take care of yourself and each of these plays a major part in that. Physic al health has to do with your body, ability to fight off disease. Social has to do with your ability to successfully maintain appropriate relationships. Intellectual refers to critical thinking and your ability to analyze certain situations. Emotional has to do with how you properly express emotions. Environmental has to do with your respect for the environment around you and helping to protect it. Spirituality has to do with your values system based on your religious beliefs.

China’s Trade Disputes

chinawares dish out Disputes Disputes every over fortress of expert property complainant linked States Respondent chinaware before chinaware linked the GATE (General transcription on Tariffs and mickle) in 1986, it was a be after rescue. What that does mean? It means that the government was in charge of the production, investment and prices. In different(a) words, the government was in charge of rivulet the thrift. By that time, chief(prenominal)land importantland China al near had no international commerce yet precisely with socialist countries such as the fountain USSR and Yugoslavia.It was non until 1992, that China began to lower its tariffs. As a result of that, China began to plow steadily and in 2001 China united the WTFO (World Trade Organization). According to Professor David W. Conklin and Danville Caddied (Chinas Trade Disputes, Richard Vive School of Business, The University of Western Ontario, 2009) China had a 42. 9% tariff rate in 1992 16. 6% in 2001 and since then it has been well-nigh 9. 8%. These figures show how China the change magnitude its tariff rates since 1992 to the pre displace.According to the WTFO (World Trade Organization), the average out Chinese tariff rate in 2011 was 9. 6%. 1 China connectedness the WATT had its own percussions on iodin hand, it was a new securities industry with a rapidly ageing population, which was attractive for umteen international investors. On the different hand, Chinas tradeation increased extremely fast, this rapid emersion affected many a nonher(prenominal) industries in in advance(p) economies. What is the reason behind this outcome? thither were several issues regarding Chinas commerce policies that caused a pepper of trade disputes amid China and other economies.In spite of having the Trade Related Aspects of clever shoes Rights (TRIPS), many Chinese piddlers were accuse of racy and counterfeiting. The purpose of the Trips was to provide encourageion in the wide area of skilful property. However, that was not the fibre in China even though, the Chinese government base its Intellectual dimension Rights on U. S. And EX. countries, they were not applying those policies effectively.Counterfeiting and buc stopeering in China were estimated to be closely 15% to of either the products make in the local market place. These lineament of vile activities composed 8% of Chinas GAP. 5 The master(prenominal) issue regarding Intellectual belongings is the circumstance that for most(prenominal) developing countries, he easiest personal manner to achieve competitiveness is through counterfeiting thriving products and by copying business practices. wherefore is this a major conundrum? The exercise is simple these developing economies have as their competitive advantage low take rates.If they copy a product and fetch it with those low salaries, they are able to betray it with a price lower than the sea captain one(a). on that point is no doubt that these facesetters carapace of products are going to steal market share from the companies that lordly produced them affecting not except those companies tho also the economies that drive them. The important purpose of International laws that foster Intellectual Property is not further to secure fair business but also to keep Jobs in the domestic help market not to offshore all those Jobs to other external countries.We know that faltering PR polices and lesser penalties are calculates that rent the spread of counterfeiting and plagiarization within an economy. Further more(prenominal) than, a deficient legal system back end be a cause of this too. However, match to John Lehman, this issue might be caused by a different occurrenceor he said that Intellectual Property was not part of the Traditional Chinese legal code. He concludes that the main task astir(predicate) Intellectual property in China is not caused by a deficient legal system nor economy but from clever and cultural ciphers. subsequently the creation of the WIPE (World Intellectual Property Organization) in 1970, the WTFO functioned as a meeting place for the negotiation of international policies on major issues. However, violations concerning PR (Intellectual Property Rights) proved to be extremely difficult to handle. Especially with technical products that use to have very concisely product cycles. Overall, with all the genealogical advances, it was actually hard to create an accurate enactment to address all of these new fictional character of problems.There is a thin line among counterfeiting and employ the product as a base to amend it, issues like that were a headache for the WTFO. On April 2007, the join States demanded a consultation with China relating to the egis of PR in China. The matters that were discussed during this series of consultations were the lack of an businesslike criminal procedure and set of penalties for commercial message message plagiarisation, the prohibition to let counterfeited products to be released onto impertinent markets and the boundaries in which a copyright piracy consists in of an unauthorized copying. The panel conclude that, to the extent that the copyright Law and the customs duty measures as such are incongruous with the TRIPS obligation, they nullify or impair benefits accruing to the United States chthonian that Agreement, and recommended that China bring the copyright Law and the usage measures into conformity with its obligations at a lower place the TRIPS Agreement. 8 On April 2010, China and U. S. Informed the Dispute Settlement automobile trunk (ADS) that the agreed procedures were effectively in progress. whimsy The protection of PR is one of the most important things for developed countries.I agree that counterfeiting and piracy should be severely punished. However, in this case I found an interesting purview wherefore should these countri es honor the property will power of other when their own manufacturers could create Jobs and have domestic prosperity through piracy and counterfeiting? This is obviously the other side of the happen upon it involves a social issue. But I think that copying (not counterfeiting not piracy) potentiometer be useful sometimes. I believe reading that after WI, Japan direct several of this workers to work in U. S. In order to get the Ameri grass know-how.What they did was not counterfeiting because they didnt copy the products but they used the models as their base in order to break it. Thats an interesting idea, especially for developing economies. lately I watched a infotainment about the race between China and India. The main difference between both economies was that India was utilise innovation in order to work on the other hand, China was relying more on copying products than innovating. The same docudrama showed that in the present counterfeiting laws are stronger in Ch ina but it is still an issue.Chinas Trade DisputesChinas Trade Disputes Disputes over protection of Intellectual Property complainant United States Respondent China originally China Joined the GAIT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) in 1986, it was a mean economy. What that does mean? It means that the government was in charge of the production, investment and prices. In other words, the government was in charge of trail the economy. By that time, China almost had no international commerce but and with socialist countries such as the antecedent USSR and Yugoslavia.It was not until 1992, that China began to lower its tariffs. As a result of that, China began to resurrect steadily and in 2001 China Joined the WTFO (World Trade Organization). According to Professor David W. Conklin and Danville Caddied (Chinas Trade Disputes, Richard Vive School of Business, The University of Western Ontario, 2009) China had a 42. 9% tariff rate in 1992 16. 6% in 2001 and since then it has been around 9. 8%. These figures show how China the rock-bottom its tariff rates since 1992 to the present.According to the WTFO (World Trade Organization), the average Chinese tariff rate in 2011 was 9. 6%. 1 China connecter the WATT had its own percussions on one hand, it was a new market with a rapidly growing population, which was attractive for many international investors. On the other hand, Chinas export increased extremely fast, this rapid developing affected many industries in move economies. What is the reason behind this outcome? There were several issues regarding Chinas commerce policies that caused a sprout of trade disputes between China and other economies.In spite of having the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), many Chinese producers were impeach of racy and counterfeiting. The purpose of the Trips was to provide protection in the wide area of intellectual property. However, that was not the case in China even though, the Chinese government establish its Intellectual Property Rights on U. S. And EX. countries, they were not applying those policies effectively.Counterfeiting and piracy in China were estimated to be around 15% to of all the products do in the local market. These type of wrong activities composed 8% of Chinas GAP. 5 The main issue regarding Intellectual Property is the fact that for most developing countries, he easiest expression to achieve competitiveness is through counterfeiting no-hit products and by copying business practices. Why is this a major problem? The manage is simple these developing economies have as their competitive advantage low net rates.If they copy a product and produce it with those low salaries, they are able to make out it with a price lower than the original one. There is no doubt that these type of products are going to steal market share from the companies that originally produced them affecting not only those companies but also the economies that sprightline ss them. The main purpose of International laws that protect Intellectual Property is not only to secure fair business but also to keep Jobs in the domestic market not to offshore all those Jobs to other foreign countries.We know that indistinct PR polices and lesser penalties are factors that suspend the spread of counterfeiting and piracy within an economy. Furthermore, a deficient legal system can be a cause of this too. However, tally to John Lehman, this issue might be caused by a different factor he said that Intellectual Property was not part of the Traditional Chinese legal code. He concludes that the main problem about Intellectual property in China is not caused by a deficient legal system nor economy but from intellectual and cultural factors. later on the creation of the WIPE (World Intellectual Property Organization) in 1970, the WTFO functioned as a forum for the negotiation of international policies on major issues. However, violations concerning PR (Intellectual Property Rights) proved to be extremely difficult to handle. Especially with scientific products that use to have very slight product cycles. Overall, with all the genealogical advances, it was rattling hard to create an accurate rule to address all of these new type of problems.There is a thin line between counterfeiting and using the product as a base to improve it, issues like that were a headache for the WTFO. On April 2007, the United States demanded a consultation with China relating to the protection of PR in China. The matters that were discussed during this series of consultations were the lack of an efficacious criminal procedure and set of penalties for commercial piracy, the prohibition to let counterfeited products to be released onto foreign markets and the boundaries in which a copyright piracy consists in of an unauthorized copying. The panel cogitate that, to the extent that the Copyright Law and the Customs measures as such are inharmonious with the TRIPS Ag reement, they nullify or impair benefits accruing to the United States under that Agreement, and recommended that China bring the Copyright Law and the Customs measures into conformity with its obligations under the TRIPS Agreement. 8 On April 2010, China and U. S. Informed the Dispute Settlement luggage compartment (IDS) that the agreed procedures were effectively in progress. purview The protection of PR is one of the most important things for developed countries.I agree that counterfeiting and piracy should be severely punished. However, in this case I found an interesting credence Why should these countries honor the property ownership of other when their own manufacturers could create Jobs and upraise domestic prosperity through piracy and counterfeiting? This is obviously the other side of the impinge on it involves a social issue. But I think that copying (not counterfeiting not piracy) can be useful sometimes. I telephone reading that after WI, Japan sent several of this workers to work in U. S. In order to get the American know-how.What they did was not counterfeiting because they didnt copy the products but they used the models as their base in order to improve it. Thats an interesting idea, especially for developing economies. of late I watched a documentary about the race between China and India. The main difference between both economies was that India was using innovation in order to grow on the other hand, China was relying more on copying products than innovating. The same documentary showed that in the present counterfeiting laws are stronger in China but it is still an issue.

Cardiovascular Case Study: Atrial Septal Defect

atrial septate Defect(ASD) is a very wide-ranging problem concerning the fancy in its overall function. When the heart, world the core of the cardiovascular system, has issues it effects the rest of the personate as a result. The core of the problem resides in the atrial septum. Normally the heart is divided into quaternary separate chambers. But a person with atrial septal defect has an atrial septum that allows the blood from the go forth side of the heart back into the right side. This results in increased pulmonary blood flow and diastolic overload of the right ventricle.By having this constant left-to-right shunt, it can shift the pulmonary vascular resistance leading to hypertension or even the reversal of the shunt itself. on that point atomic number 18 three types of Atrial Septal Defects ostium secundum, ostium primum, and fistula venosus. The opening of the atrial septum may be small, on the count of the foramen ovale failing to close or large, when the septum is do itly absent from the heart itself. There is a very logical explanation between Ryans softness to gain weight, as well as not taking an interest in provender during meals.His carcass isnt able to grow normally because the exchange of nutrients and barbaric products in his body is completely deficient. He isnt absorb the adequate amount of nutrients that his body directs. Him being 11-months old, this causes a huge problem because nutrition is extremely important. His heart is working little efficiently, which makes the blood traveling end-to-end his body subsequently deficient as well. each of the systems in Ryans body are going to be affected by his diagnosis of Atrial Septal Defect. Ryans growth and development is not detach for his age.Ryan was natural weighing 7lbs, and now, 11 months later he is 15. 4 lbs. He is close to being a 1 year old, and his birth weight should be a little less that triple the amount that he was at birth. Ryan should be approximately 21 lb s at his period age, leaving about a 5-6 lb deficit. Ryans parents stated that he doesnt crawl or campaign to stand because of the fact that he gets out of snorkel breather easily. This is being caused by the Atrial Septal Defect. every(prenominal) he can do is sit unsupported, which he should have been able to do at 8 months.At 11 months old, Ryan should be able to stand honest holding onto an adults hand, as well as endure himself finger foods and drink from a sippy cup. He should be able to pull himself up to a rest position as well. Also, sleeping after take in is just an indication of how much energy it is for him to complete a meal, which is making him uninterested in food overall. Again, all of these factors seem to be affected by his current diagnosis. Ryan is currently on digoxin two hundred micrograms and furosemide 10 mg q day.He is prescribed Digoxin because this medication increases overall cardiac output as well as slowing the heart rate. This is unsloped for Ryan, because at this point he is not receiving the appropriate amount of output needed for his growth and development. Furosemide is a diuretic that treats roving retention as well as hypertension. This is important because when there is a defect with the heart, pulmonary issues may occur when fluid retention begins. Also, Ryan is currently predisposed to hypertension because of his condition. Ryans current Potassium level was at a 2. 9 mml/L.Adequate levels of Potassium compared to his age should be at 3. 3-4. 7 mmol/L. Too little Potassium affects the hearts oftenness as well as contractions. His Digoxin levels were tested to see if the medication was becoming toxic. He was at a 2. 6 ng/ml which is in the upper limits, but not enough to be considered toxic. Here are some examples of nursing diagnosis that patients uniform Ryan would have luck for deficient fluid record book think to pre operating(prenominal) diarrhea. Impaired nutrition less than body requirements. Decrease d cardiac output think to pre-existing compromise in cardiac function.Fatigue related to decreased cardiac output. Nursing Diagnosis for Ryan Post sherlock would be Risk for infection related to functional incision. Acute pain related to post operative surgery. Impaired verbal communication related to age. Risk for aspiration related to immobility. Teaching is such a vital component in ensuring that all patients are fully aware of their medical condition. Ryan, being an 11 month old, the teaching must go to his parents. They pass on need to be supplied information about Atrial Septal Defect, surgeries involved, and the prognosis when completed.They go forth need proper(postnominal) information about the medications that Ryan is going to be on. They will need to be aware of the medications actions, side effects, and realizable signs of toxicity/allergies. If Ryan were to have surgery, they would need to be taught how to sustainment for the incision properly to avoid infection . They will need to know the signs and symptoms of infection. Last, they will need to ensure that they are constantly promoting proper growth and development with Ryan, so a daily plan must be made. That includes activities, diet, etc.